The Norton introduction to philosophy / Gideon Rosen, Princeton University ; Alex Byrne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology ; Joshua Cohen, Apple University ; Elizabeth Harman, Princeton University ; Seana Shiffrin, University of California, Los Angeles.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

pt. I. Philosophy of religion -- 1. Does God exist? -- The ontological argument, from 'Proslogion' / Anslem of Canterbury -- The five ways, from 'Summa theologica' / Thomas Aquinas -- The argument from design, from 'Natural theology' / William Paley -- The argument from cosmological fine-tuning / Roger White -- Analyzing the arguments -- 2. Is it reasonable to believe without evidence? -- Introduction -- The wager, from 'Pensées' / Blaise Pascal -- Pascal's ultimate gamble / Alan Hájek -- The will to believe / William James -- Is belief in God properly basic? / Alvin Plantinga -- Analyzing the arguments -- pt. II. Epistemology -- 3. What is knowledge? -- Introduction -- Meno / Plato -- Is justified true belief knowledge? / Edmund Gettier -- Evidence one does not possess, from 'Thought' / Gilbert Harman -- The inescapability of Gettier problems / Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski -- Knowledge and belief / Timothy Williamson -- Analyzing the arguments -- 4. How can we know about what we have not observed? -- Introduction -- Sceptical doubts concerning the operations of the understanding, and sceptical solution of these doubts, from 'An enquiry concerning human understanding, sections IV-V / David Hume -- The "justification" of induction, from 'Introduction to logical theory' / P.F. Strawson -- The problem of induction, from 'Replies to my critics / Karl Popper -- The new riddle of induction, from 'Fact, fiction, and forecast' / Nelson Goodman -- The inference to the best explanation / Gilbert Harman -- Analyzing the arguments -- 5. How can we know what causes what? -- Introduction -- Of the idea of necessary connexion, from 'An enquiry concerning human understanding / David Hume -- The visual experience of causation / Susanna Siegel -- The method of difference, from 'System of logic / John Stuart Mill -- Causation and correlation / Ned Hall -- Analyzing the arguments -- 6. How can you know your own mind, or the mind of another person? -- Introduction -- The analogical inference to other minds / Alec Hyslop and Frank Cameron Jackson -- Wittgenstein and other minds, from 'Wittgenstein on rules and private language' / Saul Kripke -- Man seen from the outside, from 'The world of perception' / Maurice Merleau-Ponty -- Introspection, from 'A materialism theory of the mind' -- Self-knowledge, from 'The concept of mind' / Gilbert Ryle -- Skepticism about the internal world / Alex Byrne -- Analyzing the arguments -- 7. How can we know about the external world? -- Introduction -- Meditation I: what can be called into doubt, from 'Meditations on first philosophy' / René Descartes -- Of scepticism with regard to the senses / David Hume -- Proof of an external world / George Edward Moore -- Contextualism / Stewart Cohen -- Skepticism and inference to the best explanation / Jonathan Vogel -- Ignorance of things in themselves / Rae Langton -- Analyzing the arguments -- pt. III. Metaphysics and the philosophy of mind -- 8. Is mind material? -- Introduction -- Meditation II: the nature of the human mind, and how it is better known than the body, and meditation VI : ... the real distinction between mind and body, from 'Meditations on first philosophy' / René Descartes -- Descartes' myth, from 'The concept of mind' / Gilbert Ryle -- Sensations and brain processes / J.J.C. Smart -- The nature of mental states / Hilary Putnam -- Can computers think?, from 'Minds, brains, and science' / John Searle -- Analyzing the arguments -- 9. What is consciousness? -- Introduction -- What is it like to be a bat? / Thomas Nagel -- Epiphenomenal qualia / Frank Jackson -- Postscript on qualia / Frank Jackson -- Are mental states irreducible to neurobiological states?, from 'Neurophilosophy' / Patricia Smith Churchland -- The hard problem of consciousness / David Chalmers -- The puzzle of transparency / Michael Tye -- Analyzing the arguments -- 10. What is color? -- Introduction -- Some further considerations concering our simple ideas, from 'An essay concerning human understanding' / John Locke -- The secondary qualities, from 'A materialist theory of mind' / D.M. Armstrong -- Are "scientific" objects coloured? / C.L. Hardin -- Secondary qualities, from 'The subjective view' / Colin McGinn -- Analyzing the arguments -- 11. What is there? -- Introduction -- Fiction and metaphysics / Peter Van Inwagen -- Numbers and other immaterial objects / Gideon Rosen -- A thing and its matter / Stephen Yablo -- Science and metaphysics / Tim Maudlin -- Analyzing the arguments -- 12. What is personal identity? -- Introduction -- Of identity and diversity, from 'An essay concerning human understanding' / John Locke -- The dualist theory, from 'Personal identity' / Richard Swinburne -- Personal identity, from 'Reasons and persons' / Derek Parfit -- The self and the future / Bernard Williams -- Analyzing the arguments -- pt IV. From metaphysics to ethics -- 13. Do we possess free will? -- Introduction -- Free will / Galen Strawson -- Human freedom and the self / Roderick Chisholm -- Freedom and necessity / A.J. Ayer -- Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility / Harry Frankfurt -- Asymmetrical freedom / Susan Wolf -- Freedom and resentment / P.F. Strawson -- Analyzing the arguments -- 14. Is morality objective? -- Introduction -- The subjectivity of values, from 'Ethics: inventing right and wrong' / J.L. Mackie -- Moral subjectivism / R. Jay Wallace -- Ethics, from 'The last word' / Thomas Nagel -- Moral relativism / Philippa Foot -- Does anything really matter or did we just evolve to think so? / Sharon Street -- Analyzing the arguments -- pt. V. Ethics and political philosophy -- 15. Why do what is right? -- Introduction -- The republic / Plato -- Why ought we do what is right? / Judith Jarvis Thomson -- Of the passions and of morals, from 'Treatise of human nature, books II and III' ; Why utility pleases, from 'An enquiry concerning the principles of morals' / David Hume -- Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals / Immanuel Kant -- Analyzing the arguments -- 16. How do we reason about what is right? -- Introduction -- Utilitarianism / John Stuart Mill -- Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals / Immanuel Kant -- Contractualism and utilitarianism / Thomas M. Scanlon -- Virtue ethics / Rosalind Hursthouse -- A theory of justice / John Rawls -- Is it reasonable to "rely on institutions" in ethics? / Elizabeth Harman -- On the genealogy of morals, beyond good and evil, and the gay science / Friedrich Nietzsche -- Analyzing the arguments -- 17. Do your intentions matter? -- Introduction -- Of justice and injustice, from "A treatise of human nature' / David Hume -- Mr. Truman's degree / G.E.M. Anscombe -- When do intentions matter to permissibility? / Thomas M. Scanlon -- Impermissibility and wrongness / Barbara Herman -- Analyzing the arguments -- 18. What is the right thing to do? -- Introduction -- Famine, affluence, and morality / Peter Singer -- The moral perplexities of famine and world hunger / Onora O'Neill -- A defense of abortion / Judith Jarvis Thomson -- Why abortion is immoral / Don Marquis -- War and massacre / Thomas Nagel -- On the killing of civilians in wartime, from 'The law of peoples' / John Rawls -- Analyzing the arguments -- 19. How can the state be justified? -- Introduction -- Politics / Aristotle -- Leviathan / Thomas Hobbes -- The social contract / Jean-Jacques Rousseau -- Rights-based justifications for the state / A. John Simmons -- The utilitarian justification of the state / David Lyons -- Analyzing the arguments -- 20. What is the value of liberty? -- Introduction -- A letter concering toleration / John Locke -- On liberty / John Stuart Mill -- Morals and the criminal law / Patrick Devlin -- Elements of a theory of human rights / Amartya Sen -- Analyzing the arguments -- 21. Does justice require equality? -- Introduction -- Two principles of justice, from 'A theory of justice' / John Rawls -- Equality as a moral ideal / Harry Frankfurt -- Political equality / Martha Nussbaum -- Equality as a basic demand of justice / Johnathan Wolff -- Distributive justice, from 'Anarchy, state, and utopia' / Robert Nozick -- Analyzing the arguments -- A brief guide to logic and argumentation -- Some guidelines for writing philosophy papers -- Glossary -- Credits -- Name index.